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1 Network

1.1 NetworkManager

用NetworkManager来配置网络

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apt install -y network-manager
systemctl enable NetworkManager
systemctl start NetworkManager

编辑/etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf文件，确保包含如下内容

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[main]
plugins=ifupdown,keyfile

[keyfile]
unmanaged-devices=*,except:type:wifi,except:type:wwan,except:type:ethernet

[ifupdown]
managed=true

通过nmtui添加网卡并启动

1.2 netplan (Recommend)

In Ubuntu 18.04 and later versions, network configuration is managed by netplan. The configuration files are located in the /etc/netplan/ directory and have a .yaml extension.

In these files, you might find DHCP configurations like the following:

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network:
    version: 2
    ethernets:
        eth0:
            dhcp4: true
            dhcp4-overrides:
                use-dns: false

How to manage netplan:

  • netplan apply: This command will reconfigure the network based on the .yaml configuration files in the /etc/netplan/ directory.
  • netplan try: This command will temporarily apply the new network configuration. If the configuration has errors, the system will automatically roll back after 120 seconds. If the configuration is correct, you can press “Enter” to permanently apply the changes.

1.3 systemd-resolved

systemd-resolved is a component of the systemd suite responsible for providing network name resolution services on Linux systems. It handles DNS (Domain Name System) queries, LLMNR (Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution), and Multicast DNS (mDNS) to resolve hostnames into IP addresses, making network communication possible.

systemd-resolved runs a local DNS stub listener on 127.0.0.53:53 by default, which applications can use to perform DNS queries. The /etc/resolv.conf file is typically a symbolic link to /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf, directing DNS requests to the stub resolver.

The configuration file for systemd-resolved is located at /etc/systemd/resolved.conf, where you can set options like fallback DNS servers, LLMNR, and mDNS settings.

Commands

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resolvectl status

systemctl status systemd-resolved
systemctl start systemd-resolved
systemctl stop systemd-resolved
systemctl enable systemd-resolved

1.4 Reference

2 Multiple compiling environments

2.1 gcc

编辑/etc/apt/sources.list，添加如下源：

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deb http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main universe
deb http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main universe
deb http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main universe
deb http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main universe

然后执行apt update，会报如下错误：

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W: GPG error: http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 40976EAF437D05B5 NO_PUBKEY 3B4FE6ACC0B21F32
E: The repository 'http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease' is not signed.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.

修改/etc/apt/sources.list，添加[trusted=yes]，如下：

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deb [trusted=yes] http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main universe
deb [trusted=yes] http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main universe
deb [trusted=yes] http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main universe
deb [trusted=yes] http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main universe

再次执行apt update，安装不同版本的gcc/g++

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apt update

apt install -y gcc-4.8 g++-4.8
apt install -y gcc-5 g++-5
apt install -y gcc-6 g++-6
apt install -y gcc-7 g++-7
apt install -y gcc-8 g++-8
apt install -y gcc-9 g++-9
apt install -y gcc-10 g++-10

update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-4.8 4
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-4.8 4
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-5 5
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-5 5
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-6 6
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-6 6
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-7 7
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-7 7
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-8 8
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-8 8
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-9 9
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-9 9
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-10 10
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-10 10

# gcc-11 and g++11 are already installed in ubuntu-22.04
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-11 11
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-11 11

查看所有可用的gcc版本：

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update-alternatives --list gcc

切换不同的gcc版本：

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update-alternatives --config gcc
update-alternatives --config g++

2.2 make

从gnu-make下载make-3.81.tar.gz

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tar -zxf make-3.81.tar.gz
cd make-3.81

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/make-3.81
make -j $(( (cores=$(nproc))>1?cores/2:1 ))

会出现如下错误：

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undefined reference to `__alloca'

修改make-3.81/glob/glob.c

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// 将
# if _GNU_GLOB_INTERFACE_VERSION == GLOB_INTERFACE_VERSION
// 改为
# if _GNU_GLOB_INTERFACE_VERSION >= GLOB_INTERFACE_VERSION

再次编译安装即可：

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make -j $(( (cores=$(nproc))>1?cores/2:1 ))

# make-3.81将会被安装到 /usr/local/make-3.81
make install
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update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/make make /usr/bin/make 4
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/make make /usr/local/make-3.81/bin 3

2.3 Reference

3 apt

  • 源配置文件：/etc/apt/sources.list
  • 格式：deb http://site.example.com/debian distribution component1 component2 component3
    • 其中，distribution可以参考Ubuntu version history
      • Trusty：14.04
      • Xenial：16.04
      • Bionic：18.04
      • Focal：20.04
      • Jammy：22.04
  • 添加[trusted=yes]可以绕开一些安全性设置，如下： 
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    deb [trusted=yes] http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main universe
    deb [trusted=yes] http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main universe

3.1 apt vs. apt-get

The above explanation comes from chartGPT

apt and apt-get are both package management tools used in Debian-based Linux distributions like Ubuntu to manage packages and perform related tasks.

The main difference between the two is the way they are used and the level of user interaction.

apt-get is a low-level tool for package management, and is mainly used from the command line. It provides basic functionality for installing, upgrading, and removing packages, and is used in shell scripts and other automated systems.

apt, on the other hand, is a higher-level tool that builds on top of apt-get. It provides a more user-friendly interface and has additional features, such as the ability to perform multiple operations in a single command and to display more information about packages. apt also handles dependencies more automatically and can handle larger transactions than apt-get.

So, in general, apt is recommended for regular users, while apt-get is more suited for advanced users and automation. However, both apt and apt-get provide the same underlying functionality, and you can use either one to manage packages on your system.

3.2 aptitude

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sudo apt install aptitude

aptitude search boost

sudo aptitude install libboost1.74-dev

3.3 Reference

4 Tips

4.1 Ubuntu Docker Container 中文乱码

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export LANG=C.UTF-8

# check
locale